Operating voltage indicates what electrical voltage is required for the proper function of the fan, which is part of the cooler. For computer fans, the standard value is 12 volts (12 V), which is the voltage typically provided by the motherboard. Some coolers may specify a voltage range, such as "5 V – 12 V." This range means that the fan is capable of operating at various voltage levels, allowing its speed to be regulated. Lower voltage will cause the fan to spin slower and be quieter, while at a higher voltage, it reaches its maximum speed and cooling performance. This parameter thus informs about the electrical requirements of the fan and its ability to be regulated by voltage changes.